HESI Reading Practice Test

The Importance of Care in Healthcare

There is a way to help patients with their healing process that has nothing to do with medication, rehabilitation therapy, or knowledge of treating their specific illness. Nurses, doctors, and other healthcare professionals can greatly contribute to the wellness of their patients simply by developing a strong relationship characterized by compassion and optimism.

Research has found that the relationship a patient has with a healthcare provider has real impacts on the patient’s outcomes. Strong relationships have been shown to help mental illness recovery, while compassionate nursing has been connected to fewer pressure ulcers and falls in hospital patients. Nurses have arguably the biggest role in creating an emotionally comforting environment for a patient due to the extensive time they spend together, and it is possible that a nurse’s attitude and care have the biggest impact of any healthcare provider.

Sometimes, the actions of a nurse or doctor are not the biggest factor for a patient’s view on their health, but rather the perception of a doctor or nurse by the patient. A physician’s perceived seriousness about treating a patient has been shown to improve symptoms, and when doctors seem to be optimistic about a health outcome, patients report less pain and a quicker recovery.

It should be noted that the discussion of positive impacts from healthcare professionals does not touch on the impact of abuse and unethical behavior in medical settings, which, of course, can have profound and frightening impacts on the health and safety of patients. There are many ways that caregivers can impact recovery, including worsening outcomes, which is unfortunately a reality for many patients around the world.

A patient’s mental health and view of their own ailment will impact their recovery, and they can draw their energy and outlook from the professional opinions and attitudes around them. To help a patient help themselves, a nurse, doctor, or any healthcare professional needs to go beyond simply providing appropriate care and maintaining bioethical integrity; they need to prioritize building a relationship with a patient founded on genuine caring and compassion.

What is the main idea of the passage?

The Importance of Care in Healthcare

There is a way to help patients with their healing process that has nothing to do with medication, rehabilitation therapy, or knowledge of treating their specific illness. Nurses, doctors, and other healthcare professionals can greatly contribute to the wellness of their patients simply by developing a strong relationship characterized by compassion and optimism.

Research has found that the relationship a patient has with a healthcare provider has real impacts on the patient’s outcomes. Strong relationships have been shown to help mental illness recovery, while compassionate nursing has been connected to fewer pressure ulcers and falls in hospital patients. Nurses have arguably the biggest role in creating an emotionally comforting environment for a patient due to the extensive time they spend together, and it is possible that a nurse’s attitude and care have the biggest impact of any healthcare provider.

Sometimes, the actions of a nurse or doctor are not the biggest factor for a patient’s view on their health, but rather the perception of a doctor or nurse by the patient. A physician’s perceived seriousness about treating a patient has been shown to improve symptoms, and when doctors seem to be optimistic about a health outcome, patients report less pain and a quicker recovery.

It should be noted that the discussion of positive impacts from healthcare professionals does not touch on the impact of abuse and unethical behavior in medical settings, which, of course, can have profound and frightening impacts on the health and safety of patients. There are many ways that caregivers can impact recovery, including worsening outcomes, which is unfortunately a reality for many patients around the world.

A patient’s mental health and view of their own ailment will impact their recovery, and they can draw their energy and outlook from the professional opinions and attitudes around them. To help a patient help themselves, a nurse, doctor, or any healthcare professional needs to go beyond simply providing appropriate care and maintaining bioethical integrity; they need to prioritize building a relationship with a patient founded on genuine caring and compassion.

What is the meaning of the word bioethical in the final paragraph?

The Importance of Care in Healthcare

There is a way to help patients with their healing process that has nothing to do with medication, rehabilitation therapy, or knowledge of treating their specific illness. Nurses, doctors, and other healthcare professionals can greatly contribute to the wellness of their patients simply by developing a strong relationship characterized by compassion and optimism.

Research has found that the relationship a patient has with a healthcare provider has real impacts on the patient’s outcomes. Strong relationships have been shown to help mental illness recovery, while compassionate nursing has been connected to fewer pressure ulcers and falls in hospital patients. Nurses have arguably the biggest role in creating an emotionally comforting environment for a patient due to the extensive time they spend together, and it is possible that a nurse’s attitude and care have the biggest impact of any healthcare provider.

Sometimes, the actions of a nurse or doctor are not the biggest factor for a patient’s view on their health, but rather the perception of a doctor or nurse by the patient. A physician’s perceived seriousness about treating a patient has been shown to improve symptoms, and when doctors seem to be optimistic about a health outcome, patients report less pain and a quicker recovery.

It should be noted that the discussion of positive impacts from healthcare professionals does not touch on the impact of abuse and unethical behavior in medical settings, which, of course, can have profound and frightening impacts on the health and safety of patients. There are many ways that caregivers can impact recovery, including worsening outcomes, which is unfortunately a reality for many patients around the world.

A patient’s mental health and view of their own ailment will impact their recovery, and they can draw their energy and outlook from the professional opinions and attitudes around them. To help a patient help themselves, a nurse, doctor, or any healthcare professional needs to go beyond simply providing appropriate care and maintaining bioethical integrity; they need to prioritize building a relationship with a patient founded on genuine caring and compassion.

What is the author’s primary purpose in writing the passage?

The Importance of Care in Healthcare

There is a way to help patients with their healing process that has nothing to do with medication, rehabilitation therapy, or knowledge of treating their specific illness. Nurses, doctors, and other healthcare professionals can greatly contribute to the wellness of their patients simply by developing a strong relationship characterized by compassion and optimism.

Research has found that the relationship a patient has with a healthcare provider has real impacts on the patient’s outcomes. Strong relationships have been shown to help mental illness recovery, while compassionate nursing has been connected to fewer pressure ulcers and falls in hospital patients. Nurses have arguably the biggest role in creating an emotionally comforting environment for a patient due to the extensive time they spend together, and it is possible that a nurse’s attitude and care have the biggest impact of any healthcare provider.

Sometimes, the actions of a nurse or doctor are not the biggest factor for a patient’s view on their health, but rather the perception of a doctor or nurse by the patient. A physician’s perceived seriousness about treating a patient has been shown to improve symptoms, and when doctors seem to be optimistic about a health outcome, patients report less pain and a quicker recovery.

It should be noted that the discussion of positive impacts from healthcare professionals does not touch on the impact of abuse and unethical behavior in medical settings, which, of course, can have profound and frightening impacts on the health and safety of patients. There are many ways that caregivers can impact recovery, including worsening outcomes, which is unfortunately a reality for many patients around the world.

A patient’s mental health and view of their own ailment will impact their recovery, and they can draw their energy and outlook from the professional opinions and attitudes around them. To help a patient help themselves, a nurse, doctor, or any healthcare professional needs to go beyond simply providing appropriate care and maintaining bioethical integrity; they need to prioritize building a relationship with a patient founded on genuine caring and compassion.

Which of the following is not a detail from the passage?

The Importance of Care in Healthcare

There is a way to help patients with their healing process that has nothing to do with medication, rehabilitation therapy, or knowledge of treating their specific illness. Nurses, doctors, and other healthcare professionals can greatly contribute to the wellness of their patients simply by developing a strong relationship characterized by compassion and optimism.

Research has found that the relationship a patient has with a healthcare provider has real impacts on the patient’s outcomes. Strong relationships have been shown to help mental illness recovery, while compassionate nursing has been connected to fewer pressure ulcers and falls in hospital patients. Nurses have arguably the biggest role in creating an emotionally comforting environment for a patient due to the extensive time they spend together, and it is possible that a nurse’s attitude and care have the biggest impact of any healthcare provider.

Sometimes, the actions of a nurse or doctor are not the biggest factor for a patient’s view on their health, but rather the perception of a doctor or nurse by the patient. A physician’s perceived seriousness about treating a patient has been shown to improve symptoms, and when doctors seem to be optimistic about a health outcome, patients report less pain and a quicker recovery.

It should be noted that the discussion of positive impacts from healthcare professionals does not touch on the impact of abuse and unethical behavior in medical settings, which, of course, can have profound and frightening impacts on the health and safety of patients. There are many ways that caregivers can impact recovery, including worsening outcomes, which is unfortunately a reality for many patients around the world.

A patient’s mental health and view of their own ailment will impact their recovery, and they can draw their energy and outlook from the professional opinions and attitudes around them. To help a patient help themselves, a nurse, doctor, or any healthcare professional needs to go beyond simply providing appropriate care and maintaining bioethical integrity; they need to prioritize building a relationship with a patient founded on genuine caring and compassion.

What statement is supported by the passage?

The Importance of Care in Healthcare

There is a way to help patients with their healing process that has nothing to do with medication, rehabilitation therapy, or knowledge of treating their specific illness. Nurses, doctors, and other healthcare professionals can greatly contribute to the wellness of their patients simply by developing a strong relationship characterized by compassion and optimism.

Research has found that the relationship a patient has with a healthcare provider has real impacts on the patient’s outcomes. Strong relationships have been shown to help mental illness recovery, while compassionate nursing has been connected to fewer pressure ulcers and falls in hospital patients. Nurses have arguably the biggest role in creating an emotionally comforting environment for a patient due to the extensive time they spend together, and it is possible that a nurse’s attitude and care have the biggest impact of any healthcare provider.

Sometimes, the actions of a nurse or doctor are not the biggest factor for a patient’s view on their health, but rather the perception of a doctor or nurse by the patient. A physician’s perceived seriousness about treating a patient has been shown to improve symptoms, and when doctors seem to be optimistic about a health outcome, patients report less pain and a quicker recovery.

It should be noted that the discussion of positive impacts from healthcare professionals does not touch on the impact of abuse and unethical behavior in medical settings, which, of course, can have profound and frightening impacts on the health and safety of patients. There are many ways that caregivers can impact recovery, including worsening outcomes, which is unfortunately a reality for many patients around the world.

A patient’s mental health and view of their own ailment will impact their recovery, and they can draw their energy and outlook from the professional opinions and attitudes around them. To help a patient help themselves, a nurse, doctor, or any healthcare professional needs to go beyond simply providing appropriate care and maintaining bioethical integrity; they need to prioritize building a relationship with a patient founded on genuine caring and compassion.

Which of the following is not a way the author mentions that healthcare professionals can help a patient heal?

The Importance of Care in Healthcare

There is a way to help patients with their healing process that has nothing to do with medication, rehabilitation therapy, or knowledge of treating their specific illness. Nurses, doctors, and other healthcare professionals can greatly contribute to the wellness of their patients simply by developing a strong relationship characterized by compassion and optimism.

Research has found that the relationship a patient has with a healthcare provider has real impacts on the patient’s outcomes. Strong relationships have been shown to help mental illness recovery, while compassionate nursing has been connected to fewer pressure ulcers and falls in hospital patients. Nurses have arguably the biggest role in creating an emotionally comforting environment for a patient due to the extensive time they spend together, and it is possible that a nurse’s attitude and care have the biggest impact of any healthcare provider.

Sometimes, the actions of a nurse or doctor are not the biggest factor for a patient’s view on their health, but rather the perception of a doctor or nurse by the patient. A physician’s perceived seriousness about treating a patient has been shown to improve symptoms, and when doctors seem to be optimistic about a health outcome, patients report less pain and a quicker recovery.

It should be noted that the discussion of positive impacts from healthcare professionals does not touch on the impact of abuse and unethical behavior in medical settings, which, of course, can have profound and frightening impacts on the health and safety of patients. There are many ways that caregivers can impact recovery, including worsening outcomes, which is unfortunately a reality for many patients around the world.

A patient’s mental health and view of their own ailment will impact their recovery, and they can draw their energy and outlook from the professional opinions and attitudes around them. To help a patient help themselves, a nurse, doctor, or any healthcare professional needs to go beyond simply providing appropriate care and maintaining bioethical integrity; they need to prioritize building a relationship with a patient founded on genuine caring and compassion.

A healthcare worker’s demeanor cannot help a patient’s _____.

Racism in Medicine

America’s past continues to negatively influence its present in every realm, including medicine. The historical discrimination and egregious racism by doctors and scientists has led to a distrust of the medical establishment by minorities, leading to worse health outcomes for black and brown people. No action taken by the scientific community has been as detrimental to the relationship between minorities and medical treatment than the Tuskegee study.

The Tuskegee study was a 40-year experiment on rural black Alabamian men with syphilis, in which the researchers did not inform the study participants of their disease, nor did they provide treatment. As a result, many “subjects” died, and the wives and children of some participants also contracted the disease—of course, without intervention or treatment either. Despite the clear breach of ethics, the study wasn’t ended until 1972 when whistleblowers discovered the injustices that were occurring. Documentation by the Tuskegee researchers is riddled with racist ideology and horrific comments about the lives of black men that have shaken America for decades afterwards. By 1980, the study had single-handedly reduced the life expectancy of black men over 45 in America.

Now, surveys and studies indicate that black patients have less trust for medical professionals than white patients, report fewer positive experiences with the medical industry, and are more likely to believe conspiracy theories about medicine. There is living memory of the Tuskegee study and its subsequent exposure to the public; physicians continually report patients directly referencing Tuskegee as a reason for concern, whether they have been directly impacted by the event or simply have knowledge of it.

The study alone, however, is not the only way that America has failed minorities in the healthcare industry. Racist ideologies that black bodies handle pain differently or experience it less than white bodies linger, leading to reduced or denied treatment of minority patients, including some cases in which black patients do not get pain medication for ailments or procedures in which a white patient would receive medicine.

Things are further complicated when dealing with the intersectionality of race, class, and gender; a patient’s sex, socioeconomic status and city or county can all compound upon the already concerning impacts of discrimination in healthcare. Despite the good that medical advancements and healthcare professionals have done for our country and the world, medicine has failed black and brown people significantly in a way that has largely been ignored. America cannot erase its past or hide its mistakes, just as it cannot pretend those deplorable problems don’t have lasting impacts on the health and lives of its citizens.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Racism in Medicine

America’s past continues to negatively influence its present in every realm, including medicine. The historical discrimination and egregious racism by doctors and scientists has led to a distrust of the medical establishment by minorities, leading to worse health outcomes for black and brown people. No action taken by the scientific community has been as detrimental to the relationship between minorities and medical treatment than the Tuskegee study.

The Tuskegee study was a 40-year experiment on rural black Alabamian men with syphilis, in which the researchers did not inform the study participants of their disease, nor did they provide treatment. As a result, many “subjects” died, and the wives and children of some participants also contracted the disease—of course, without intervention or treatment either. Despite the clear breach of ethics, the study wasn’t ended until 1972 when whistleblowers discovered the injustices that were occurring. Documentation by the Tuskegee researchers is riddled with racist ideology and horrific comments about the lives of black men that have shaken America for decades afterwards. By 1980, the study had single-handedly reduced the life expectancy of black men over 45 in America.

Now, surveys and studies indicate that black patients have less trust for medical professionals than white patients, report fewer positive experiences with the medical industry, and are more likely to believe conspiracy theories about medicine. There is living memory of the Tuskegee study and its subsequent exposure to the public; physicians continually report patients directly referencing Tuskegee as a reason for concern, whether they have been directly impacted by the event or simply have knowledge of it.

The study alone, however, is not the only way that America has failed minorities in the healthcare industry. Racist ideologies that black bodies handle pain differently or experience it less than white bodies linger, leading to reduced or denied treatment of minority patients, including some cases in which black patients do not get pain medication for ailments or procedures in which a white patient would receive medicine.

Things are further complicated when dealing with the intersectionality of race, class, and gender; a patient’s sex, socioeconomic status and city or county can all compound upon the already concerning impacts of discrimination in healthcare. Despite the good that medical advancements and healthcare professionals have done for our country and the world, medicine has failed black and brown people significantly in a way that has largely been ignored. America cannot erase its past or hide its mistakes, just as it cannot pretend those deplorable problems don’t have lasting impacts on the health and lives of its citizens.

Which of the following details is not included in the passage?

Racism in Medicine

America’s past continues to negatively influence its present in every realm, including medicine. The historical discrimination and egregious racism by doctors and scientists has led to a distrust of the medical establishment by minorities, leading to worse health outcomes for black and brown people. No action taken by the scientific community has been as detrimental to the relationship between minorities and medical treatment than the Tuskegee study.

The Tuskegee study was a 40-year experiment on rural black Alabamian men with syphilis, in which the researchers did not inform the study participants of their disease, nor did they provide treatment. As a result, many “subjects” died, and the wives and children of some participants also contracted the disease—of course, without intervention or treatment either. Despite the clear breach of ethics, the study wasn’t ended until 1972 when whistleblowers discovered the injustices that were occurring. Documentation by the Tuskegee researchers is riddled with racist ideology and horrific comments about the lives of black men that have shaken America for decades afterwards. By 1980, the study had single-handedly reduced the life expectancy of black men over 45 in America.

Now, surveys and studies indicate that black patients have less trust for medical professionals than white patients, report fewer positive experiences with the medical industry, and are more likely to believe conspiracy theories about medicine. There is living memory of the Tuskegee study and its subsequent exposure to the public; physicians continually report patients directly referencing Tuskegee as a reason for concern, whether they have been directly impacted by the event or simply have knowledge of it.

The study alone, however, is not the only way that America has failed minorities in the healthcare industry. Racist ideologies that black bodies handle pain differently or experience it less than white bodies linger, leading to reduced or denied treatment of minority patients, including some cases in which black patients do not get pain medication for ailments or procedures in which a white patient would receive medicine.

Things are further complicated when dealing with the intersectionality of race, class, and gender; a patient’s sex, socioeconomic status and city or county can all compound upon the already concerning impacts of discrimination in healthcare. Despite the good that medical advancements and healthcare professionals have done for our country and the world, medicine has failed black and brown people significantly in a way that has largely been ignored. America cannot erase its past or hide its mistakes, just as it cannot pretend those deplorable problems don’t have lasting impacts on the health and lives of its citizens.

What is the meaning of detrimental in the first paragraph?

Racism in Medicine

America’s past continues to negatively influence its present in every realm, including medicine. The historical discrimination and egregious racism by doctors and scientists has led to a distrust of the medical establishment by minorities, leading to worse health outcomes for black and brown people. No action taken by the scientific community has been as detrimental to the relationship between minorities and medical treatment than the Tuskegee study.

The Tuskegee study was a 40-year experiment on rural black Alabamian men with syphilis, in which the researchers did not inform the study participants of their disease, nor did they provide treatment. As a result, many “subjects” died, and the wives and children of some participants also contracted the disease—of course, without intervention or treatment either. Despite the clear breach of ethics, the study wasn’t ended until 1972 when whistleblowers discovered the injustices that were occurring. Documentation by the Tuskegee researchers is riddled with racist ideology and horrific comments about the lives of black men that have shaken America for decades afterwards. By 1980, the study had single-handedly reduced the life expectancy of black men over 45 in America.

Now, surveys and studies indicate that black patients have less trust for medical professionals than white patients, report fewer positive experiences with the medical industry, and are more likely to believe conspiracy theories about medicine. There is living memory of the Tuskegee study and its subsequent exposure to the public; physicians continually report patients directly referencing Tuskegee as a reason for concern, whether they have been directly impacted by the event or simply have knowledge of it.

The study alone, however, is not the only way that America has failed minorities in the healthcare industry. Racist ideologies that black bodies handle pain differently or experience it less than white bodies linger, leading to reduced or denied treatment of minority patients, including some cases in which black patients do not get pain medication for ailments or procedures in which a white patient would receive medicine.

Things are further complicated when dealing with the intersectionality of race, class, and gender; a patient’s sex, socioeconomic status and city or county can all compound upon the already concerning impacts of discrimination in healthcare. Despite the good that medical advancements and healthcare professionals have done for our country and the world, medicine has failed black and brown people significantly in a way that has largely been ignored. America cannot erase its past or hide its mistakes, just as it cannot pretend those deplorable problems don’t have lasting impacts on the health and lives of its citizens.

Which of the following is the best summary for the passage?

Racism in Medicine

America’s past continues to negatively influence its present in every realm, including medicine. The historical discrimination and egregious racism by doctors and scientists has led to a distrust of the medical establishment by minorities, leading to worse health outcomes for black and brown people. No action taken by the scientific community has been as detrimental to the relationship between minorities and medical treatment than the Tuskegee study.

The Tuskegee study was a 40-year experiment on rural black Alabamian men with syphilis, in which the researchers did not inform the study participants of their disease, nor did they provide treatment. As a result, many “subjects” died, and the wives and children of some participants also contracted the disease—of course, without intervention or treatment either. Despite the clear breach of ethics, the study wasn’t ended until 1972 when whistleblowers discovered the injustices that were occurring. Documentation by the Tuskegee researchers is riddled with racist ideology and horrific comments about the lives of black men that have shaken America for decades afterwards. By 1980, the study had single-handedly reduced the life expectancy of black men over 45 in America.

Now, surveys and studies indicate that black patients have less trust for medical professionals than white patients, report fewer positive experiences with the medical industry, and are more likely to believe conspiracy theories about medicine. There is living memory of the Tuskegee study and its subsequent exposure to the public; physicians continually report patients directly referencing Tuskegee as a reason for concern, whether they have been directly impacted by the event or simply have knowledge of it.

The study alone, however, is not the only way that America has failed minorities in the healthcare industry. Racist ideologies that black bodies handle pain differently or experience it less than white bodies linger, leading to reduced or denied treatment of minority patients, including some cases in which black patients do not get pain medication for ailments or procedures in which a white patient would receive medicine.

Things are further complicated when dealing with the intersectionality of race, class, and gender; a patient’s sex, socioeconomic status and city or county can all compound upon the already concerning impacts of discrimination in healthcare. Despite the good that medical advancements and healthcare professionals have done for our country and the world, medicine has failed black and brown people significantly in a way that has largely been ignored. America cannot erase its past or hide its mistakes, just as it cannot pretend those deplorable problems don’t have lasting impacts on the health and lives of its citizens.

What should the reader conclude about the Tuskegee Study?

Racism in Medicine

America’s past continues to negatively influence its present in every realm, including medicine. The historical discrimination and egregious racism by doctors and scientists has led to a distrust of the medical establishment by minorities, leading to worse health outcomes for black and brown people. No action taken by the scientific community has been as detrimental to the relationship between minorities and medical treatment than the Tuskegee study.

The Tuskegee study was a 40-year experiment on rural black Alabamian men with syphilis, in which the researchers did not inform the study participants of their disease, nor did they provide treatment. As a result, many “subjects” died, and the wives and children of some participants also contracted the disease—of course, without intervention or treatment either. Despite the clear breach of ethics, the study wasn’t ended until 1972 when whistleblowers discovered the injustices that were occurring. Documentation by the Tuskegee researchers is riddled with racist ideology and horrific comments about the lives of black men that have shaken America for decades afterwards. By 1980, the study had single-handedly reduced the life expectancy of black men over 45 in America.

Now, surveys and studies indicate that black patients have less trust for medical professionals than white patients, report fewer positive experiences with the medical industry, and are more likely to believe conspiracy theories about medicine. There is living memory of the Tuskegee study and its subsequent exposure to the public; physicians continually report patients directly referencing Tuskegee as a reason for concern, whether they have been directly impacted by the event or simply have knowledge of it.

The study alone, however, is not the only way that America has failed minorities in the healthcare industry. Racist ideologies that black bodies handle pain differently or experience it less than white bodies linger, leading to reduced or denied treatment of minority patients, including some cases in which black patients do not get pain medication for ailments or procedures in which a white patient would receive medicine.

Things are further complicated when dealing with the intersectionality of race, class, and gender; a patient’s sex, socioeconomic status and city or county can all compound upon the already concerning impacts of discrimination in healthcare. Despite the good that medical advancements and healthcare professionals have done for our country and the world, medicine has failed black and brown people significantly in a way that has largely been ignored. America cannot erase its past or hide its mistakes, just as it cannot pretend those deplorable problems don’t have lasting impacts on the health and lives of its citizens.

Which of the following statements is an opinion?

Racism in Medicine

America’s past continues to negatively influence its present in every realm, including medicine. The historical discrimination and egregious racism by doctors and scientists has led to a distrust of the medical establishment by minorities, leading to worse health outcomes for black and brown people. No action taken by the scientific community has been as detrimental to the relationship between minorities and medical treatment than the Tuskegee study.

The Tuskegee study was a 40-year experiment on rural black Alabamian men with syphilis, in which the researchers did not inform the study participants of their disease, nor did they provide treatment. As a result, many “subjects” died, and the wives and children of some participants also contracted the disease—of course, without intervention or treatment either. Despite the clear breach of ethics, the study wasn’t ended until 1972 when whistleblowers discovered the injustices that were occurring. Documentation by the Tuskegee researchers is riddled with racist ideology and horrific comments about the lives of black men that have shaken America for decades afterwards. By 1980, the study had single-handedly reduced the life expectancy of black men over 45 in America.

Now, surveys and studies indicate that black patients have less trust for medical professionals than white patients, report fewer positive experiences with the medical industry, and are more likely to believe conspiracy theories about medicine. There is living memory of the Tuskegee study and its subsequent exposure to the public; physicians continually report patients directly referencing Tuskegee as a reason for concern, whether they have been directly impacted by the event or simply have knowledge of it.

The study alone, however, is not the only way that America has failed minorities in the healthcare industry. Racist ideologies that black bodies handle pain differently or experience it less than white bodies linger, leading to reduced or denied treatment of minority patients, including some cases in which black patients do not get pain medication for ailments or procedures in which a white patient would receive medicine.

Things are further complicated when dealing with the intersectionality of race, class, and gender; a patient’s sex, socioeconomic status and city or county can all compound upon the already concerning impacts of discrimination in healthcare. Despite the good that medical advancements and healthcare professionals have done for our country and the world, medicine has failed black and brown people significantly in a way that has largely been ignored. America cannot erase its past or hide its mistakes, just as it cannot pretend those deplorable problems don’t have lasting impacts on the health and lives of its citizens.

According to the passage, what eventually ended the Tuskegee study?

Racism in Medicine

America’s past continues to negatively influence its present in every realm, including medicine. The historical discrimination and egregious racism by doctors and scientists has led to a distrust of the medical establishment by minorities, leading to worse health outcomes for black and brown people. No action taken by the scientific community has been as detrimental to the relationship between minorities and medical treatment than the Tuskegee study.

The Tuskegee study was a 40-year experiment on rural black Alabamian men with syphilis, in which the researchers did not inform the study participants of their disease, nor did they provide treatment. As a result, many “subjects” died, and the wives and children of some participants also contracted the disease—of course, without intervention or treatment either. Despite the clear breach of ethics, the study wasn’t ended until 1972 when whistleblowers discovered the injustices that were occurring. Documentation by the Tuskegee researchers is riddled with racist ideology and horrific comments about the lives of black men that have shaken America for decades afterwards. By 1980, the study had single-handedly reduced the life expectancy of black men over 45 in America.

Now, surveys and studies indicate that black patients have less trust for medical professionals than white patients, report fewer positive experiences with the medical industry, and are more likely to believe conspiracy theories about medicine. There is living memory of the Tuskegee study and its subsequent exposure to the public; physicians continually report patients directly referencing Tuskegee as a reason for concern, whether they have been directly impacted by the event or simply have knowledge of it.

The study alone, however, is not the only way that America has failed minorities in the healthcare industry. Racist ideologies that black bodies handle pain differently or experience it less than white bodies linger, leading to reduced or denied treatment of minority patients, including some cases in which black patients do not get pain medication for ailments or procedures in which a white patient would receive medicine.

Things are further complicated when dealing with the intersectionality of race, class, and gender; a patient’s sex, socioeconomic status and city or county can all compound upon the already concerning impacts of discrimination in healthcare. Despite the good that medical advancements and healthcare professionals have done for our country and the world, medicine has failed black and brown people significantly in a way that has largely been ignored. America cannot erase its past or hide its mistakes, just as it cannot pretend those deplorable problems don’t have lasting impacts on the health and lives of its citizens.

Which of the following statements would the author of the passage most likely agree with?

Vaccines

people think all vaccines inject a dead form of the virus into patients, or otherwise that vaccines “give you” the virus they’re meant to prevent. In reality, there are many types of vaccines that have all been proven to be effective despite their different methods—and you’ve likely had a few of them.

The first main type of vaccine is the live-attenuated vaccine. This method uses a live but weakened form of the germ, and is typically used for measles, chickenpox, and yellow fever vaccines, among others. These vaccines may present challenges to those who are immune compromised, but often cause no problems for patients in good health.

The next common vaccine is an inactivated vaccine. Like the name implies, this vaccine uses a killed version of the germ, like in the flu and polio shots. With some inactivated vaccines, the immunity isn’t as strong, and patients require several doses (“booster shots”) over time to ensure complete protection.

Toxoid vaccines use a toxin that the disease-causing germ produces. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are toxoids, and don’t result in patients being immune to the germ; rather, the vaccines cause immunity to the specific parts of the germ that cause a disease.

The final category of common vaccines comes in many different forms: subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate. All of these vaccines use the protein, sugar, capsid, or some small piece of the germ to provide immunity. Hepatitis B, whooping cough, and pneumococcal vaccines all fit into this category.

Of course, new paths to vaccination are still being worked on every day. One of the more recent innovations is the mRNA vaccine, which employs a different strategy of teaching our cells to make a certain protein that will protect against a virus.

Vaccinations are not one and the same; scientists are consistently coming up with different ways to protect people from illnesses that can cause severe harm. Vaccines are developed in many different ways, but all are meant to help our bodies stay healthy and protected.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Vaccines

people think all vaccines inject a dead form of the virus into patients, or otherwise that vaccines “give you” the virus they’re meant to prevent. In reality, there are many types of vaccines that have all been proven to be effective despite their different methods—and you’ve likely had a few of them.

The first main type of vaccine is the live-attenuated vaccine. This method uses a live but weakened form of the germ, and is typically used for measles, chickenpox, and yellow fever vaccines, among others. These vaccines may present challenges to those who are immune compromised, but often cause no problems for patients in good health.

The next common vaccine is an inactivated vaccine. Like the name implies, this vaccine uses a killed version of the germ, like in the flu and polio shots. With some inactivated vaccines, the immunity isn’t as strong, and patients require several doses (“booster shots”) over time to ensure complete protection.

Toxoid vaccines use a toxin that the disease-causing germ produces. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are toxoids, and don’t result in patients being immune to the germ; rather, the vaccines cause immunity to the specific parts of the germ that cause a disease.

The final category of common vaccines comes in many different forms: subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate. All of these vaccines use the protein, sugar, capsid, or some small piece of the germ to provide immunity. Hepatitis B, whooping cough, and pneumococcal vaccines all fit into this category.

Of course, new paths to vaccination are still being worked on every day. One of the more recent innovations is the mRNA vaccine, which employs a different strategy of teaching our cells to make a certain protein that will protect against a virus.

Vaccinations are not one and the same; scientists are consistently coming up with different ways to protect people from illnesses that can cause severe harm. Vaccines are developed in many different ways, but all are meant to help our bodies stay healthy and protected.

What is the writer’s primary purpose in writing the passage?

Vaccines

people think all vaccines inject a dead form of the virus into patients, or otherwise that vaccines “give you” the virus they’re meant to prevent. In reality, there are many types of vaccines that have all been proven to be effective despite their different methods—and you’ve likely had a few of them.

The first main type of vaccine is the live-attenuated vaccine. This method uses a live but weakened form of the germ, and is typically used for measles, chickenpox, and yellow fever vaccines, among others. These vaccines may present challenges to those who are immune compromised, but often cause no problems for patients in good health.

The next common vaccine is an inactivated vaccine. Like the name implies, this vaccine uses a killed version of the germ, like in the flu and polio shots. With some inactivated vaccines, the immunity isn’t as strong, and patients require several doses (“booster shots”) over time to ensure complete protection.

Toxoid vaccines use a toxin that the disease-causing germ produces. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are toxoids, and don’t result in patients being immune to the germ; rather, the vaccines cause immunity to the specific parts of the germ that cause a disease.

The final category of common vaccines comes in many different forms: subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate. All of these vaccines use the protein, sugar, capsid, or some small piece of the germ to provide immunity. Hepatitis B, whooping cough, and pneumococcal vaccines all fit into this category.

Of course, new paths to vaccination are still being worked on every day. One of the more recent innovations is the mRNA vaccine, which employs a different strategy of teaching our cells to make a certain protein that will protect against a virus.

Vaccinations are not one and the same; scientists are consistently coming up with different ways to protect people from illnesses that can cause severe harm. Vaccines are developed in many different ways, but all are meant to help our bodies stay healthy and protected.

Which statement is not a detail from the passage?

Vaccines

people think all vaccines inject a dead form of the virus into patients, or otherwise that vaccines “give you” the virus they’re meant to prevent. In reality, there are many types of vaccines that have all been proven to be effective despite their different methods—and you’ve likely had a few of them.

The first main type of vaccine is the live-attenuated vaccine. This method uses a live but weakened form of the germ, and is typically used for measles, chickenpox, and yellow fever vaccines, among others. These vaccines may present challenges to those who are immune compromised, but often cause no problems for patients in good health.

The next common vaccine is an inactivated vaccine. Like the name implies, this vaccine uses a killed version of the germ, like in the flu and polio shots. With some inactivated vaccines, the immunity isn’t as strong, and patients require several doses (“booster shots”) over time to ensure complete protection.

Toxoid vaccines use a toxin that the disease-causing germ produces. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are toxoids, and don’t result in patients being immune to the germ; rather, the vaccines cause immunity to the specific parts of the germ that cause a disease.

The final category of common vaccines comes in many different forms: subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate. All of these vaccines use the protein, sugar, capsid, or some small piece of the germ to provide immunity. Hepatitis B, whooping cough, and pneumococcal vaccines all fit into this category.

Of course, new paths to vaccination are still being worked on every day. One of the more recent innovations is the mRNA vaccine, which employs a different strategy of teaching our cells to make a certain protein that will protect against a virus.

Vaccinations are not one and the same; scientists are consistently coming up with different ways to protect people from illnesses that can cause severe harm. Vaccines are developed in many different ways, but all are meant to help our bodies stay healthy and protected.

What is the meaning of the word inactivated?

Vaccines

people think all vaccines inject a dead form of the virus into patients, or otherwise that vaccines “give you” the virus they’re meant to prevent. In reality, there are many types of vaccines that have all been proven to be effective despite their different methods—and you’ve likely had a few of them.

The first main type of vaccine is the live-attenuated vaccine. This method uses a live but weakened form of the germ, and is typically used for measles, chickenpox, and yellow fever vaccines, among others. These vaccines may present challenges to those who are immune compromised, but often cause no problems for patients in good health.

The next common vaccine is an inactivated vaccine. Like the name implies, this vaccine uses a killed version of the germ, like in the flu and polio shots. With some inactivated vaccines, the immunity isn’t as strong, and patients require several doses (“booster shots”) over time to ensure complete protection.

Toxoid vaccines use a toxin that the disease-causing germ produces. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are toxoids, and don’t result in patients being immune to the germ; rather, the vaccines cause immunity to the specific parts of the germ that cause a disease.

The final category of common vaccines comes in many different forms: subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate. All of these vaccines use the protein, sugar, capsid, or some small piece of the germ to provide immunity. Hepatitis B, whooping cough, and pneumococcal vaccines all fit into this category.

Of course, new paths to vaccination are still being worked on every day. One of the more recent innovations is the mRNA vaccine, which employs a different strategy of teaching our cells to make a certain protein that will protect against a virus.

Vaccinations are not one and the same; scientists are consistently coming up with different ways to protect people from illnesses that can cause severe harm. Vaccines are developed in many different ways, but all are meant to help our bodies stay healthy and protected.

According to the passage, how does a patient become immune to measles after receiving a measles vaccine?

Vaccines

people think all vaccines inject a dead form of the virus into patients, or otherwise that vaccines “give you” the virus they’re meant to prevent. In reality, there are many types of vaccines that have all been proven to be effective despite their different methods—and you’ve likely had a few of them.

The first main type of vaccine is the live-attenuated vaccine. This method uses a live but weakened form of the germ, and is typically used for measles, chickenpox, and yellow fever vaccines, among others. These vaccines may present challenges to those who are immune compromised, but often cause no problems for patients in good health.

The next common vaccine is an inactivated vaccine. Like the name implies, this vaccine uses a killed version of the germ, like in the flu and polio shots. With some inactivated vaccines, the immunity isn’t as strong, and patients require several doses (“booster shots”) over time to ensure complete protection.

Toxoid vaccines use a toxin that the disease-causing germ produces. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are toxoids, and don’t result in patients being immune to the germ; rather, the vaccines cause immunity to the specific parts of the germ that cause a disease.

The final category of common vaccines comes in many different forms: subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate. All of these vaccines use the protein, sugar, capsid, or some small piece of the germ to provide immunity. Hepatitis B, whooping cough, and pneumococcal vaccines all fit into this category.

Of course, new paths to vaccination are still being worked on every day. One of the more recent innovations is the mRNA vaccine, which employs a different strategy of teaching our cells to make a certain protein that will protect against a virus.

Vaccinations are not one and the same; scientists are consistently coming up with different ways to protect people from illnesses that can cause severe harm. Vaccines are developed in many different ways, but all are meant to help our bodies stay healthy and protected.

Choose the best summary of the passage.

Vaccines

people think all vaccines inject a dead form of the virus into patients, or otherwise that vaccines “give you” the virus they’re meant to prevent. In reality, there are many types of vaccines that have all been proven to be effective despite their different methods—and you’ve likely had a few of them.

The first main type of vaccine is the live-attenuated vaccine. This method uses a live but weakened form of the germ, and is typically used for measles, chickenpox, and yellow fever vaccines, among others. These vaccines may present challenges to those who are immune compromised, but often cause no problems for patients in good health.

The next common vaccine is an inactivated vaccine. Like the name implies, this vaccine uses a killed version of the germ, like in the flu and polio shots. With some inactivated vaccines, the immunity isn’t as strong, and patients require several doses (“booster shots”) over time to ensure complete protection.

Toxoid vaccines use a toxin that the disease-causing germ produces. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are toxoids, and don’t result in patients being immune to the germ; rather, the vaccines cause immunity to the specific parts of the germ that cause a disease.

The final category of common vaccines comes in many different forms: subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate. All of these vaccines use the protein, sugar, capsid, or some small piece of the germ to provide immunity. Hepatitis B, whooping cough, and pneumococcal vaccines all fit into this category.

Of course, new paths to vaccination are still being worked on every day. One of the more recent innovations is the mRNA vaccine, which employs a different strategy of teaching our cells to make a certain protein that will protect against a virus.

Vaccinations are not one and the same; scientists are consistently coming up with different ways to protect people from illnesses that can cause severe harm. Vaccines are developed in many different ways, but all are meant to help our bodies stay healthy and protected.

What is the meaning of the word attenuated?

Sir Alexander Fleming

With a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to prove it, Sir Alexander Fleming was one of the most influential scientists of his time—and many consider him to be one of the most important in all of history. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin is perhaps his most notable achievement, with lasting impacts we still see today.

The child of a Scottish farmer, Sir Fleming followed in his brother’s footsteps to pursue medicine as a career. Fleming joined the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I where he discovered—and further proved through experimentation—that the antiseptics being used were often worsening the injuries they were trying to treat. Unfortunately, his discovery was ineffectual, as physicians continued to use antiseptics for the duration of the war despite dismal results. Fleming’s discoveries thankfully did not remain unnoticed for the duration of his career.

The renowned bacteriologist went on to discover the first antimicrobial protein from human’s innate immunity. This enzyme, lysozyme, was discovered by Fleming in his snot. The enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal discharge, and as Fleming pursued this 1921 discovery, he turned to his colleagues for tears—paying them threepence for each successful cry.

The most important discovery of Fleming’s work finally came in 1928. After leaving culture plates on a bench while he went on holiday, Fleming returned to see something within them that he called “funny.” This accidental discovery turned out to be revolutionary, and the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic, penicillin, was found. It was initially rejected by the medical community, with no colleagues in the profession believing him or giving penicillin any discussion despite Fleming’s active work curing patients. It took until the 1940s for his achievement to get the attention it deserved, and he earned a Nobel Prize for his work. In his Nobel lecture, Fleming made sure to mention that Penicillin was not the first antibiotic he discovered.

What is the meaning of innate in the third paragraph?

Sir Alexander Fleming

With a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to prove it, Sir Alexander Fleming was one of the most influential scientists of his time—and many consider him to be one of the most important in all of history. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin is perhaps his most notable achievement, with lasting impacts we still see today.

The child of a Scottish farmer, Sir Fleming followed in his brother’s footsteps to pursue medicine as a career. Fleming joined the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I where he discovered—and further proved through experimentation—that the antiseptics being used were often worsening the injuries they were trying to treat. Unfortunately, his discovery was ineffectual, as physicians continued to use antiseptics for the duration of the war despite dismal results. Fleming’s discoveries thankfully did not remain unnoticed for the duration of his career.

The renowned bacteriologist went on to discover the first antimicrobial protein from human’s innate immunity. This enzyme, lysozyme, was discovered by Fleming in his snot. The enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal discharge, and as Fleming pursued this 1921 discovery, he turned to his colleagues for tears—paying them threepence for each successful cry.

The most important discovery of Fleming’s work finally came in 1928. After leaving culture plates on a bench while he went on holiday, Fleming returned to see something within them that he called “funny.” This accidental discovery turned out to be revolutionary, and the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic, penicillin, was found. It was initially rejected by the medical community, with no colleagues in the profession believing him or giving penicillin any discussion despite Fleming’s active work curing patients. It took until the 1940s for his achievement to get the attention it deserved, and he earned a Nobel Prize for his work. In his Nobel lecture, Fleming made sure to mention that Penicillin was not the first antibiotic he discovered.

_____ is a naturally produced protein that catalyzes bodily reactions to inhibit or destroy microorganisms.

Sir Alexander Fleming

With a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to prove it, Sir Alexander Fleming was one of the most influential scientists of his time—and many consider him to be one of the most important in all of history. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin is perhaps his most notable achievement, with lasting impacts we still see today.

The child of a Scottish farmer, Sir Fleming followed in his brother’s footsteps to pursue medicine as a career. Fleming joined the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I where he discovered—and further proved through experimentation—that the antiseptics being used were often worsening the injuries they were trying to treat. Unfortunately, his discovery was ineffectual, as physicians continued to use antiseptics for the duration of the war despite dismal results. Fleming’s discoveries thankfully did not remain unnoticed for the duration of his career.

The renowned bacteriologist went on to discover the first antimicrobial protein from human’s innate immunity. This enzyme, lysozyme, was discovered by Fleming in his snot. The enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal discharge, and as Fleming pursued this 1921 discovery, he turned to his colleagues for tears—paying them threepence for each successful cry.

The most important discovery of Fleming’s work finally came in 1928. After leaving culture plates on a bench while he went on holiday, Fleming returned to see something within them that he called “funny.” This accidental discovery turned out to be revolutionary, and the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic, penicillin, was found. It was initially rejected by the medical community, with no colleagues in the profession believing him or giving penicillin any discussion despite Fleming’s active work curing patients. It took until the 1940s for his achievement to get the attention it deserved, and he earned a Nobel Prize for his work. In his Nobel lecture, Fleming made sure to mention that Penicillin was not the first antibiotic he discovered.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Sir Alexander Fleming

With a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to prove it, Sir Alexander Fleming was one of the most influential scientists of his time—and many consider him to be one of the most important in all of history. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin is perhaps his most notable achievement, with lasting impacts we still see today.

The child of a Scottish farmer, Sir Fleming followed in his brother’s footsteps to pursue medicine as a career. Fleming joined the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I where he discovered—and further proved through experimentation—that the antiseptics being used were often worsening the injuries they were trying to treat. Unfortunately, his discovery was ineffectual, as physicians continued to use antiseptics for the duration of the war despite dismal results. Fleming’s discoveries thankfully did not remain unnoticed for the duration of his career.

The renowned bacteriologist went on to discover the first antimicrobial protein from human’s innate immunity. This enzyme, lysozyme, was discovered by Fleming in his snot. The enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal discharge, and as Fleming pursued this 1921 discovery, he turned to his colleagues for tears—paying them threepence for each successful cry.

The most important discovery of Fleming’s work finally came in 1928. After leaving culture plates on a bench while he went on holiday, Fleming returned to see something within them that he called “funny.” This accidental discovery turned out to be revolutionary, and the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic, penicillin, was found. It was initially rejected by the medical community, with no colleagues in the profession believing him or giving penicillin any discussion despite Fleming’s active work curing patients. It took until the 1940s for his achievement to get the attention it deserved, and he earned a Nobel Prize for his work. In his Nobel lecture, Fleming made sure to mention that Penicillin was not the first antibiotic he discovered.

Which of the following details is not in the passage?

Sir Alexander Fleming

With a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to prove it, Sir Alexander Fleming was one of the most influential scientists of his time—and many consider him to be one of the most important in all of history. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin is perhaps his most notable achievement, with lasting impacts we still see today.

The child of a Scottish farmer, Sir Fleming followed in his brother’s footsteps to pursue medicine as a career. Fleming joined the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I where he discovered—and further proved through experimentation—that the antiseptics being used were often worsening the injuries they were trying to treat. Unfortunately, his discovery was ineffectual, as physicians continued to use antiseptics for the duration of the war despite dismal results. Fleming’s discoveries thankfully did not remain unnoticed for the duration of his career.

The renowned bacteriologist went on to discover the first antimicrobial protein from human’s innate immunity. This enzyme, lysozyme, was discovered by Fleming in his snot. The enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal discharge, and as Fleming pursued this 1921 discovery, he turned to his colleagues for tears—paying them threepence for each successful cry.

The most important discovery of Fleming’s work finally came in 1928. After leaving culture plates on a bench while he went on holiday, Fleming returned to see something within them that he called “funny.” This accidental discovery turned out to be revolutionary, and the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic, penicillin, was found. It was initially rejected by the medical community, with no colleagues in the profession believing him or giving penicillin any discussion despite Fleming’s active work curing patients. It took until the 1940s for his achievement to get the attention it deserved, and he earned a Nobel Prize for his work. In his Nobel lecture, Fleming made sure to mention that Penicillin was not the first antibiotic he discovered.

Which of the following statements is implied by the author?

Sir Alexander Fleming

With a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to prove it, Sir Alexander Fleming was one of the most influential scientists of his time—and many consider him to be one of the most important in all of history. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin is perhaps his most notable achievement, with lasting impacts we still see today.

The child of a Scottish farmer, Sir Fleming followed in his brother’s footsteps to pursue medicine as a career. Fleming joined the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I where he discovered—and further proved through experimentation—that the antiseptics being used were often worsening the injuries they were trying to treat. Unfortunately, his discovery was ineffectual, as physicians continued to use antiseptics for the duration of the war despite dismal results. Fleming’s discoveries thankfully did not remain unnoticed for the duration of his career.

The renowned bacteriologist went on to discover the first antimicrobial protein from human’s innate immunity. This enzyme, lysozyme, was discovered by Fleming in his snot. The enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal discharge, and as Fleming pursued this 1921 discovery, he turned to his colleagues for tears—paying them threepence for each successful cry.

The most important discovery of Fleming’s work finally came in 1928. After leaving culture plates on a bench while he went on holiday, Fleming returned to see something within them that he called “funny.” This accidental discovery turned out to be revolutionary, and the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic, penicillin, was found. It was initially rejected by the medical community, with no colleagues in the profession believing him or giving penicillin any discussion despite Fleming’s active work curing patients. It took until the 1940s for his achievement to get the attention it deserved, and he earned a Nobel Prize for his work. In his Nobel lecture, Fleming made sure to mention that Penicillin was not the first antibiotic he discovered.

What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

Cancer

One of the biggest health concerns in modern day is cancer. More than one million people are estimated to be diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of death in the country. But where does this devastating disease come from?

Cancer isn’t a foreign object in the body—rather, it is our own cells experiencing problems. A cell may become abnormal, continue living after it should have died, or form when it was not needed. As the cell continues to divide and produce more abnormal cells, they form tumors, which can spread into surrounding tissues or even new areas of the body.

As many people know, cancer is a genetic disease; it cannot be “caught”, but instead abnormal cell growth is caused internally by a change in one’s genes. The genetic change may be hereditary, come from exposure to substances like tobacco smoke, or come from exposure to ultraviolet rays. An impact of the cell’s normal growth controls, misshapen proteins that cannot repair cellular damage, or increased production of a protein that causes growth can all come from a genetic abnormality and lead to cancer. Further, unlike normal cells, these cells can continually divide by ignoring signals to begin apoptosis, compounding the amount of disruption caused to the body.

Medical professionals recommend avoiding risk factors, although no factor is a guarantee for cancer—we don’t yet know why some people get cancer, and why others don’t. Nonetheless, it’s important to apply sunscreen and avoid unnecessary sun exposure, stop tobacco use, and evaluate the materials and foods you bring into your home based on scientific evidence of connections to cancer (for example, an old house may have cancer-causing asbestos in its walls, which should be checked for and promptly removed). Although cancer cannot be predicted, mitigating exposure to risk factors is a great way to remain healthy and reduce the likelihood of being impacted by the disease.

Which statement is not a detail from the passage?

Cancer

One of the biggest health concerns in modern day is cancer. More than one million people are estimated to be diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of death in the country. But where does this devastating disease come from?

Cancer isn’t a foreign object in the body—rather, it is our own cells experiencing problems. A cell may become abnormal, continue living after it should have died, or form when it was not needed. As the cell continues to divide and produce more abnormal cells, they form tumors, which can spread into surrounding tissues or even new areas of the body.

As many people know, cancer is a genetic disease; it cannot be “caught”, but instead abnormal cell growth is caused internally by a change in one’s genes. The genetic change may be hereditary, come from exposure to substances like tobacco smoke, or come from exposure to ultraviolet rays. An impact of the cell’s normal growth controls, misshapen proteins that cannot repair cellular damage, or increased production of a protein that causes growth can all come from a genetic abnormality and lead to cancer. Further, unlike normal cells, these cells can continually divide by ignoring signals to begin apoptosis, compounding the amount of disruption caused to the body.

Medical professionals recommend avoiding risk factors, although no factor is a guarantee for cancer—we don’t yet know why some people get cancer, and why others don’t. Nonetheless, it’s important to apply sunscreen and avoid unnecessary sun exposure, stop tobacco use, and evaluate the materials and foods you bring into your home based on scientific evidence of connections to cancer (for example, an old house may have cancer-causing asbestos in its walls, which should be checked for and promptly removed). Although cancer cannot be predicted, mitigating exposure to risk factors is a great way to remain healthy and reduce the likelihood of being impacted by the disease.

What is the author’s purpose?

Cancer

One of the biggest health concerns in modern day is cancer. More than one million people are estimated to be diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of death in the country. But where does this devastating disease come from?

Cancer isn’t a foreign object in the body—rather, it is our own cells experiencing problems. A cell may become abnormal, continue living after it should have died, or form when it was not needed. As the cell continues to divide and produce more abnormal cells, they form tumors, which can spread into surrounding tissues or even new areas of the body.

As many people know, cancer is a genetic disease; it cannot be “caught”, but instead abnormal cell growth is caused internally by a change in one’s genes. The genetic change may be hereditary, come from exposure to substances like tobacco smoke, or come from exposure to ultraviolet rays. An impact of the cell’s normal growth controls, misshapen proteins that cannot repair cellular damage, or increased production of a protein that causes growth can all come from a genetic abnormality and lead to cancer. Further, unlike normal cells, these cells can continually divide by ignoring signals to begin apoptosis, compounding the amount of disruption caused to the body.

Medical professionals recommend avoiding risk factors, although no factor is a guarantee for cancer—we don’t yet know why some people get cancer, and why others don’t. Nonetheless, it’s important to apply sunscreen and avoid unnecessary sun exposure, stop tobacco use, and evaluate the materials and foods you bring into your home based on scientific evidence of connections to cancer (for example, an old house may have cancer-causing asbestos in its walls, which should be checked for and promptly removed). Although cancer cannot be predicted, mitigating exposure to risk factors is a great way to remain healthy and reduce the likelihood of being impacted by the disease.

What is the meaning of the word mitigating in the last paragraph?

Cancer

One of the biggest health concerns in modern day is cancer. More than one million people are estimated to be diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of death in the country. But where does this devastating disease come from?

Cancer isn’t a foreign object in the body—rather, it is our own cells experiencing problems. A cell may become abnormal, continue living after it should have died, or form when it was not needed. As the cell continues to divide and produce more abnormal cells, they form tumors, which can spread into surrounding tissues or even new areas of the body.

As many people know, cancer is a genetic disease; it cannot be “caught”, but instead abnormal cell growth is caused internally by a change in one’s genes. The genetic change may be hereditary, come from exposure to substances like tobacco smoke, or come from exposure to ultraviolet rays. An impact of the cell’s normal growth controls, misshapen proteins that cannot repair cellular damage, or increased production of a protein that causes growth can all come from a genetic abnormality and lead to cancer. Further, unlike normal cells, these cells can continually divide by ignoring signals to begin apoptosis, compounding the amount of disruption caused to the body.

Medical professionals recommend avoiding risk factors, although no factor is a guarantee for cancer—we don’t yet know why some people get cancer, and why others don’t. Nonetheless, it’s important to apply sunscreen and avoid unnecessary sun exposure, stop tobacco use, and evaluate the materials and foods you bring into your home based on scientific evidence of connections to cancer (for example, an old house may have cancer-causing asbestos in its walls, which should be checked for and promptly removed). Although cancer cannot be predicted, mitigating exposure to risk factors is a great way to remain healthy and reduce the likelihood of being impacted by the disease.

According to the passage, what is the cause of a tumor?

Cancer

One of the biggest health concerns in modern day is cancer. More than one million people are estimated to be diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of death in the country. But where does this devastating disease come from?

Cancer isn’t a foreign object in the body—rather, it is our own cells experiencing problems. A cell may become abnormal, continue living after it should have died, or form when it was not needed. As the cell continues to divide and produce more abnormal cells, they form tumors, which can spread into surrounding tissues or even new areas of the body.

As many people know, cancer is a genetic disease; it cannot be “caught”, but instead abnormal cell growth is caused internally by a change in one’s genes. The genetic change may be hereditary, come from exposure to substances like tobacco smoke, or come from exposure to ultraviolet rays. An impact of the cell’s normal growth controls, misshapen proteins that cannot repair cellular damage, or increased production of a protein that causes growth can all come from a genetic abnormality and lead to cancer. Further, unlike normal cells, these cells can continually divide by ignoring signals to begin apoptosis, compounding the amount of disruption caused to the body.

Medical professionals recommend avoiding risk factors, although no factor is a guarantee for cancer—we don’t yet know why some people get cancer, and why others don’t. Nonetheless, it’s important to apply sunscreen and avoid unnecessary sun exposure, stop tobacco use, and evaluate the materials and foods you bring into your home based on scientific evidence of connections to cancer (for example, an old house may have cancer-causing asbestos in its walls, which should be checked for and promptly removed). Although cancer cannot be predicted, mitigating exposure to risk factors is a great way to remain healthy and reduce the likelihood of being impacted by the disease.

Identify the overall tone of the passage.

Cancer

One of the biggest health concerns in modern day is cancer. More than one million people are estimated to be diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of death in the country. But where does this devastating disease come from?

Cancer isn’t a foreign object in the body—rather, it is our own cells experiencing problems. A cell may become abnormal, continue living after it should have died, or form when it was not needed. As the cell continues to divide and produce more abnormal cells, they form tumors, which can spread into surrounding tissues or even new areas of the body.

As many people know, cancer is a genetic disease; it cannot be “caught”, but instead abnormal cell growth is caused internally by a change in one’s genes. The genetic change may be hereditary, come from exposure to substances like tobacco smoke, or come from exposure to ultraviolet rays. An impact of the cell’s normal growth controls, misshapen proteins that cannot repair cellular damage, or increased production of a protein that causes growth can all come from a genetic abnormality and lead to cancer. Further, unlike normal cells, these cells can continually divide by ignoring signals to begin apoptosis, compounding the amount of disruption caused to the body.

Medical professionals recommend avoiding risk factors, although no factor is a guarantee for cancer—we don’t yet know why some people get cancer, and why others don’t. Nonetheless, it’s important to apply sunscreen and avoid unnecessary sun exposure, stop tobacco use, and evaluate the materials and foods you bring into your home based on scientific evidence of connections to cancer (for example, an old house may have cancer-causing asbestos in its walls, which should be checked for and promptly removed). Although cancer cannot be predicted, mitigating exposure to risk factors is a great way to remain healthy and reduce the likelihood of being impacted by the disease.

Which statement is implied by the author?

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all the different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is energy emitted in waves of varying lengths, which determine the frequency of radiation. Low frequencies correspond with long wavelengths and high frequencies correspond with short wavelengths.

For much of history, the visible light spectrum was all that was known of electromagnetic radiation, but the visible spectrum is only a very small portion of the whole picture. Visible light occurs at the wavelength of about 400-700 nanometers, a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. Each color we see is just a different frequency along the visible sub-spectrum, with purples and blues operating at higher frequencies and oranges and reds operating at lower frequencies.

The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is expansive, ranging from gamma rays with a wavelength of just one picometer (or one trillionth of a meter) to radio waves with a wavelength of 100,000 kilometers. In between these extremes are x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, and microwaves.

Radiation is typically thought of as something dangerous to human health, but really, it’s just energy being transferred in waves or particles through space or some medium. You likely use microwaves to heat your food and radio waves to listen to music without knowing they are all forms of the same radiation that allows you to see everything around you in different colors. In fact, if the black and yellow trefoil symbol came to mind when you first read the word “radiation,” you are only thinking of the shortest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—gamma rays, x-rays, and higher ultraviolet—which cover ionizing radiation. This radiation has enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, which is used for nuclear reactions and can be harmful in certain amounts to humans.

The world around you is defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths can be smaller than an atomic nucleus or as long as the universe itself, and the discovery and understanding of the wide range of electromagnetic radiation has given us the conveniences, advancements, and even devastations of society today.

Which statement best represents the main idea of the text?

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all the different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is energy emitted in waves of varying lengths, which determine the frequency of radiation. Low frequencies correspond with long wavelengths and high frequencies correspond with short wavelengths.

For much of history, the visible light spectrum was all that was known of electromagnetic radiation, but the visible spectrum is only a very small portion of the whole picture. Visible light occurs at the wavelength of about 400-700 nanometers, a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. Each color we see is just a different frequency along the visible sub-spectrum, with purples and blues operating at higher frequencies and oranges and reds operating at lower frequencies.

The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is expansive, ranging from gamma rays with a wavelength of just one picometer (or one trillionth of a meter) to radio waves with a wavelength of 100,000 kilometers. In between these extremes are x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, and microwaves.

Radiation is typically thought of as something dangerous to human health, but really, it’s just energy being transferred in waves or particles through space or some medium. You likely use microwaves to heat your food and radio waves to listen to music without knowing they are all forms of the same radiation that allows you to see everything around you in different colors. In fact, if the black and yellow trefoil symbol came to mind when you first read the word “radiation,” you are only thinking of the shortest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—gamma rays, x-rays, and higher ultraviolet—which cover ionizing radiation. This radiation has enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, which is used for nuclear reactions and can be harmful in certain amounts to humans.

The world around you is defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths can be smaller than an atomic nucleus or as long as the universe itself, and the discovery and understanding of the wide range of electromagnetic radiation has given us the conveniences, advancements, and even devastations of society today.

Which of the following is not a detail from the passage?

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all the different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is energy emitted in waves of varying lengths, which determine the frequency of radiation. Low frequencies correspond with long wavelengths and high frequencies correspond with short wavelengths.

For much of history, the visible light spectrum was all that was known of electromagnetic radiation, but the visible spectrum is only a very small portion of the whole picture. Visible light occurs at the wavelength of about 400-700 nanometers, a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. Each color we see is just a different frequency along the visible sub-spectrum, with purples and blues operating at higher frequencies and oranges and reds operating at lower frequencies.

The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is expansive, ranging from gamma rays with a wavelength of just one picometer (or one trillionth of a meter) to radio waves with a wavelength of 100,000 kilometers. In between these extremes are x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, and microwaves.

Radiation is typically thought of as something dangerous to human health, but really, it’s just energy being transferred in waves or particles through space or some medium. You likely use microwaves to heat your food and radio waves to listen to music without knowing they are all forms of the same radiation that allows you to see everything around you in different colors. In fact, if the black and yellow trefoil symbol came to mind when you first read the word “radiation,” you are only thinking of the shortest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—gamma rays, x-rays, and higher ultraviolet—which cover ionizing radiation. This radiation has enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, which is used for nuclear reactions and can be harmful in certain amounts to humans.

The world around you is defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths can be smaller than an atomic nucleus or as long as the universe itself, and the discovery and understanding of the wide range of electromagnetic radiation has given us the conveniences, advancements, and even devastations of society today.

According to the passage, the dangerous forms of electromagnetic radiation have:

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all the different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is energy emitted in waves of varying lengths, which determine the frequency of radiation. Low frequencies correspond with long wavelengths and high frequencies correspond with short wavelengths.

For much of history, the visible light spectrum was all that was known of electromagnetic radiation, but the visible spectrum is only a very small portion of the whole picture. Visible light occurs at the wavelength of about 400-700 nanometers, a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. Each color we see is just a different frequency along the visible sub-spectrum, with purples and blues operating at higher frequencies and oranges and reds operating at lower frequencies.

The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is expansive, ranging from gamma rays with a wavelength of just one picometer (or one trillionth of a meter) to radio waves with a wavelength of 100,000 kilometers. In between these extremes are x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, and microwaves.

Radiation is typically thought of as something dangerous to human health, but really, it’s just energy being transferred in waves or particles through space or some medium. You likely use microwaves to heat your food and radio waves to listen to music without knowing they are all forms of the same radiation that allows you to see everything around you in different colors. In fact, if the black and yellow trefoil symbol came to mind when you first read the word “radiation,” you are only thinking of the shortest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—gamma rays, x-rays, and higher ultraviolet—which cover ionizing radiation. This radiation has enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, which is used for nuclear reactions and can be harmful in certain amounts to humans.

The world around you is defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths can be smaller than an atomic nucleus or as long as the universe itself, and the discovery and understanding of the wide range of electromagnetic radiation has given us the conveniences, advancements, and even devastations of society today.

What is the author’s purpose?

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all the different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is energy emitted in waves of varying lengths, which determine the frequency of radiation. Low frequencies correspond with long wavelengths and high frequencies correspond with short wavelengths.

For much of history, the visible light spectrum was all that was known of electromagnetic radiation, but the visible spectrum is only a very small portion of the whole picture. Visible light occurs at the wavelength of about 400-700 nanometers, a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. Each color we see is just a different frequency along the visible sub-spectrum, with purples and blues operating at higher frequencies and oranges and reds operating at lower frequencies.

The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is expansive, ranging from gamma rays with a wavelength of just one picometer (or one trillionth of a meter) to radio waves with a wavelength of 100,000 kilometers. In between these extremes are x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, and microwaves.

Radiation is typically thought of as something dangerous to human health, but really, it’s just energy being transferred in waves or particles through space or some medium. You likely use microwaves to heat your food and radio waves to listen to music without knowing they are all forms of the same radiation that allows you to see everything around you in different colors. In fact, if the black and yellow trefoil symbol came to mind when you first read the word “radiation,” you are only thinking of the shortest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—gamma rays, x-rays, and higher ultraviolet—which cover ionizing radiation. This radiation has enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, which is used for nuclear reactions and can be harmful in certain amounts to humans.

The world around you is defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths can be smaller than an atomic nucleus or as long as the universe itself, and the discovery and understanding of the wide range of electromagnetic radiation has given us the conveniences, advancements, and even devastations of society today.

What is the meaning of medium as used in the fourth paragraph?

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all the different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is energy emitted in waves of varying lengths, which determine the frequency of radiation. Low frequencies correspond with long wavelengths and high frequencies correspond with short wavelengths.

For much of history, the visible light spectrum was all that was known of electromagnetic radiation, but the visible spectrum is only a very small portion of the whole picture. Visible light occurs at the wavelength of about 400-700 nanometers, a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. Each color we see is just a different frequency along the visible sub-spectrum, with purples and blues operating at higher frequencies and oranges and reds operating at lower frequencies.

The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is expansive, ranging from gamma rays with a wavelength of just one picometer (or one trillionth of a meter) to radio waves with a wavelength of 100,000 kilometers. In between these extremes are x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, and microwaves.

Radiation is typically thought of as something dangerous to human health, but really, it’s just energy being transferred in waves or particles through space or some medium. You likely use microwaves to heat your food and radio waves to listen to music without knowing they are all forms of the same radiation that allows you to see everything around you in different colors. In fact, if the black and yellow trefoil symbol came to mind when you first read the word “radiation,” you are only thinking of the shortest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—gamma rays, x-rays, and higher ultraviolet—which cover ionizing radiation. This radiation has enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, which is used for nuclear reactions and can be harmful in certain amounts to humans.

The world around you is defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths can be smaller than an atomic nucleus or as long as the universe itself, and the discovery and understanding of the wide range of electromagnetic radiation has given us the conveniences, advancements, and even devastations of society today.

What determines the color of light we see around us?

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all the different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is energy emitted in waves of varying lengths, which determine the frequency of radiation. Low frequencies correspond with long wavelengths and high frequencies correspond with short wavelengths.

For much of history, the visible light spectrum was all that was known of electromagnetic radiation, but the visible spectrum is only a very small portion of the whole picture. Visible light occurs at the wavelength of about 400-700 nanometers, a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. Each color we see is just a different frequency along the visible sub-spectrum, with purples and blues operating at higher frequencies and oranges and reds operating at lower frequencies.

The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is expansive, ranging from gamma rays with a wavelength of just one picometer (or one trillionth of a meter) to radio waves with a wavelength of 100,000 kilometers. In between these extremes are x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, and microwaves.

Radiation is typically thought of as something dangerous to human health, but really, it’s just energy being transferred in waves or particles through space or some medium. You likely use microwaves to heat your food and radio waves to listen to music without knowing they are all forms of the same radiation that allows you to see everything around you in different colors. In fact, if the black and yellow trefoil symbol came to mind when you first read the word “radiation,” you are only thinking of the shortest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—gamma rays, x-rays, and higher ultraviolet—which cover ionizing radiation. This radiation has enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, which is used for nuclear reactions and can be harmful in certain amounts to humans.

The world around you is defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths can be smaller than an atomic nucleus or as long as the universe itself, and the discovery and understanding of the wide range of electromagnetic radiation has given us the conveniences, advancements, and even devastations of society today.

Which statement is supported by the passage?

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all the different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is energy emitted in waves of varying lengths, which determine the frequency of radiation. Low frequencies correspond with long wavelengths and high frequencies correspond with short wavelengths.

For much of history, the visible light spectrum was all that was known of electromagnetic radiation, but the visible spectrum is only a very small portion of the whole picture. Visible light occurs at the wavelength of about 400-700 nanometers, a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. Each color we see is just a different frequency along the visible sub-spectrum, with purples and blues operating at higher frequencies and oranges and reds operating at lower frequencies.

The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is expansive, ranging from gamma rays with a wavelength of just one picometer (or one trillionth of a meter) to radio waves with a wavelength of 100,000 kilometers. In between these extremes are x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, and microwaves.

Radiation is typically thought of as something dangerous to human health, but really, it’s just energy being transferred in waves or particles through space or some medium. You likely use microwaves to heat your food and radio waves to listen to music without knowing they are all forms of the same radiation that allows you to see everything around you in different colors. In fact, if the black and yellow trefoil symbol came to mind when you first read the word “radiation,” you are only thinking of the shortest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—gamma rays, x-rays, and higher ultraviolet—which cover ionizing radiation. This radiation has enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, which is used for nuclear reactions and can be harmful in certain amounts to humans.

The world around you is defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths can be smaller than an atomic nucleus or as long as the universe itself, and the discovery and understanding of the wide range of electromagnetic radiation has given us the conveniences, advancements, and even devastations of society today.

Which of the following is the best summary of the passage?

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all the different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is energy emitted in waves of varying lengths, which determine the frequency of radiation. Low frequencies correspond with long wavelengths and high frequencies correspond with short wavelengths.

For much of history, the visible light spectrum was all that was known of electromagnetic radiation, but the visible spectrum is only a very small portion of the whole picture. Visible light occurs at the wavelength of about 400-700 nanometers, a nanometer being one billionth of a meter. Each color we see is just a different frequency along the visible sub-spectrum, with purples and blues operating at higher frequencies and oranges and reds operating at lower frequencies.

The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is expansive, ranging from gamma rays with a wavelength of just one picometer (or one trillionth of a meter) to radio waves with a wavelength of 100,000 kilometers. In between these extremes are x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, and microwaves.

Radiation is typically thought of as something dangerous to human health, but really, it’s just energy being transferred in waves or particles through space or some medium. You likely use microwaves to heat your food and radio waves to listen to music without knowing they are all forms of the same radiation that allows you to see everything around you in different colors. In fact, if the black and yellow trefoil symbol came to mind when you first read the word “radiation,” you are only thinking of the shortest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—gamma rays, x-rays, and higher ultraviolet—which cover ionizing radiation. This radiation has enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, which is used for nuclear reactions and can be harmful in certain amounts to humans.

The world around you is defined by the electromagnetic spectrum. Wavelengths can be smaller than an atomic nucleus or as long as the universe itself, and the discovery and understanding of the wide range of electromagnetic radiation has given us the conveniences, advancements, and even devastations of society today.

What is the meaning of encompasses in the first paragraph?

Environmental Degradation and Human Health

Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, concern for the environment has risen to international prevalence. Although some experts focus on the loss of biodiversity, the mass extinction of many species, and the impacts of global warming in decades to come, perhaps the world would be more concerned about the severity of environmental degradation if they knew it was impacting everyone’s health today.

According to research by the world health organization, 13.7 million deaths per year are linked to the environment. Cancer, stroke, and infection and disease (many impacting the respiratory system) have all been connected to the destruction of the biosphere. Air pollution is the clearest example about how the environment impacts our health. People in New York City have a 25% increased risk of dying from lung disease, while those living in Los Angeles have a staggering 43% increase as compared to the rest of the country. Allergens are also shown to increase from global warming alongside air pollution, snowballing cases of asthma, allergies, chronic bronchitis, and other ailments.

Climate change is a source of a lot of concern. Increasing global temperatures has been connected to more frequent and more intense natural disasters such as hurricanes and forest fires, which, of course, cause devastation and can claim many lives. Climate change can also impact the food we eat. Global warming impacts the ability for crops to survive and grow in the areas they were typically produced due to rising temperatures and changes in precipitation. Issues in soil salinity and moisture resulting from land degradation also decrease crop output.

Further, contamination of surface and groundwater impacts the water municipalities use for drinking and recreation. Water pollution through toxic waste, microplastics, and infectious agents can hurt the wildlife in the area and cause illness, sometimes severe, in citizens.

Environmental degradation may impact some communities more than others. Environmental racism is the concept that minorities and citizens of developing countries are disproportionately impacted by environmental issues due to the deliberate actions of white individuals. There have been many cited examples of toxic waste being disposed of near historically black communities in the united states, leading to poorer air quality, exposure to harmful chemicals, and polluted resources. Global examples include the mass export of electronic waste to china for cheaper dismantling under lax standards, releasing toxic pollutants to underpaid workers and endangering their health.

Despite the overall unenthused response by many world leaders to the urgency of global warming, our destruction of the biosphere is not just creating problems for another generation or killing species that the public does not even know about; as we speak, our own actions are harming and killing our species, too.

What is the meaning of the word prevalence in the first paragraph?

Environmental Degradation and Human Health

Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, concern for the environment has risen to international prevalence. Although some experts focus on the loss of biodiversity, the mass extinction of many species, and the impacts of global warming in decades to come, perhaps the world would be more concerned about the severity of environmental degradation if they knew it was impacting everyone’s health today.

According to research by the world health organization, 13.7 million deaths per year are linked to the environment. Cancer, stroke, and infection and disease (many impacting the respiratory system) have all been connected to the destruction of the biosphere. Air pollution is the clearest example about how the environment impacts our health. People in New York City have a 25% increased risk of dying from lung disease, while those living in Los Angeles have a staggering 43% increase as compared to the rest of the country. Allergens are also shown to increase from global warming alongside air pollution, snowballing cases of asthma, allergies, chronic bronchitis, and other ailments.

Climate change is a source of a lot of concern. Increasing global temperatures has been connected to more frequent and more intense natural disasters such as hurricanes and forest fires, which, of course, cause devastation and can claim many lives. Climate change can also impact the food we eat. Global warming impacts the ability for crops to survive and grow in the areas they were typically produced due to rising temperatures and changes in precipitation. Issues in soil salinity and moisture resulting from land degradation also decrease crop output.

Further, contamination of surface and groundwater impacts the water municipalities use for drinking and recreation. Water pollution through toxic waste, microplastics, and infectious agents can hurt the wildlife in the area and cause illness, sometimes severe, in citizens.

Environmental degradation may impact some communities more than others. Environmental racism is the concept that minorities and citizens of developing countries are disproportionately impacted by environmental issues due to the deliberate actions of white individuals. There have been many cited examples of toxic waste being disposed of near historically black communities in the united states, leading to poorer air quality, exposure to harmful chemicals, and polluted resources. Global examples include the mass export of electronic waste to china for cheaper dismantling under lax standards, releasing toxic pollutants to underpaid workers and endangering their health.

Despite the overall unenthused response by many world leaders to the urgency of global warming, our destruction of the biosphere is not just creating problems for another generation or killing species that the public does not even know about; as we speak, our own actions are harming and killing our species, too.

What is the overall tone of the author’s writing?

Environmental Degradation and Human Health

Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, concern for the environment has risen to international prevalence. Although some experts focus on the loss of biodiversity, the mass extinction of many species, and the impacts of global warming in decades to come, perhaps the world would be more concerned about the severity of environmental degradation if they knew it was impacting everyone’s health today.

According to research by the world health organization, 13.7 million deaths per year are linked to the environment. Cancer, stroke, and infection and disease (many impacting the respiratory system) have all been connected to the destruction of the biosphere. Air pollution is the clearest example about how the environment impacts our health. People in New York City have a 25% increased risk of dying from lung disease, while those living in Los Angeles have a staggering 43% increase as compared to the rest of the country. Allergens are also shown to increase from global warming alongside air pollution, snowballing cases of asthma, allergies, chronic bronchitis, and other ailments.

Climate change is a source of a lot of concern. Increasing global temperatures has been connected to more frequent and more intense natural disasters such as hurricanes and forest fires, which, of course, cause devastation and can claim many lives. Climate change can also impact the food we eat. Global warming impacts the ability for crops to survive and grow in the areas they were typically produced due to rising temperatures and changes in precipitation. Issues in soil salinity and moisture resulting from land degradation also decrease crop output.

Further, contamination of surface and groundwater impacts the water municipalities use for drinking and recreation. Water pollution through toxic waste, microplastics, and infectious agents can hurt the wildlife in the area and cause illness, sometimes severe, in citizens.

Environmental degradation may impact some communities more than others. Environmental racism is the concept that minorities and citizens of developing countries are disproportionately impacted by environmental issues due to the deliberate actions of white individuals. There have been many cited examples of toxic waste being disposed of near historically black communities in the united states, leading to poorer air quality, exposure to harmful chemicals, and polluted resources. Global examples include the mass export of electronic waste to china for cheaper dismantling under lax standards, releasing toxic pollutants to underpaid workers and endangering their health.

Despite the overall unenthused response by many world leaders to the urgency of global warming, our destruction of the biosphere is not just creating problems for another generation or killing species that the public does not even know about; as we speak, our own actions are harming and killing our species, too.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Environmental Degradation and Human Health

Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, concern for the environment has risen to international prevalence. Although some experts focus on the loss of biodiversity, the mass extinction of many species, and the impacts of global warming in decades to come, perhaps the world would be more concerned about the severity of environmental degradation if they knew it was impacting everyone’s health today.

According to research by the world health organization, 13.7 million deaths per year are linked to the environment. Cancer, stroke, and infection and disease (many impacting the respiratory system) have all been connected to the destruction of the biosphere. Air pollution is the clearest example about how the environment impacts our health. People in New York City have a 25% increased risk of dying from lung disease, while those living in Los Angeles have a staggering 43% increase as compared to the rest of the country. Allergens are also shown to increase from global warming alongside air pollution, snowballing cases of asthma, allergies, chronic bronchitis, and other ailments.

Climate change is a source of a lot of concern. Increasing global temperatures has been connected to more frequent and more intense natural disasters such as hurricanes and forest fires, which, of course, cause devastation and can claim many lives. Climate change can also impact the food we eat. Global warming impacts the ability for crops to survive and grow in the areas they were typically produced due to rising temperatures and changes in precipitation. Issues in soil salinity and moisture resulting from land degradation also decrease crop output.

Further, contamination of surface and groundwater impacts the water municipalities use for drinking and recreation. Water pollution through toxic waste, microplastics, and infectious agents can hurt the wildlife in the area and cause illness, sometimes severe, in citizens.

Environmental degradation may impact some communities more than others. Environmental racism is the concept that minorities and citizens of developing countries are disproportionately impacted by environmental issues due to the deliberate actions of white individuals. There have been many cited examples of toxic waste being disposed of near historically black communities in the united states, leading to poorer air quality, exposure to harmful chemicals, and polluted resources. Global examples include the mass export of electronic waste to china for cheaper dismantling under lax standards, releasing toxic pollutants to underpaid workers and endangering their health.

Despite the overall unenthused response by many world leaders to the urgency of global warming, our destruction of the biosphere is not just creating problems for another generation or killing species that the public does not even know about; as we speak, our own actions are harming and killing our species, too.

What is the meaning of deliberate in the fifth paragraph?

Environmental Degradation and Human Health

Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, concern for the environment has risen to international prevalence. Although some experts focus on the loss of biodiversity, the mass extinction of many species, and the impacts of global warming in decades to come, perhaps the world would be more concerned about the severity of environmental degradation if they knew it was impacting everyone’s health today.

According to research by the world health organization, 13.7 million deaths per year are linked to the environment. Cancer, stroke, and infection and disease (many impacting the respiratory system) have all been connected to the destruction of the biosphere. Air pollution is the clearest example about how the environment impacts our health. People in New York City have a 25% increased risk of dying from lung disease, while those living in Los Angeles have a staggering 43% increase as compared to the rest of the country. Allergens are also shown to increase from global warming alongside air pollution, snowballing cases of asthma, allergies, chronic bronchitis, and other ailments.

Climate change is a source of a lot of concern. Increasing global temperatures has been connected to more frequent and more intense natural disasters such as hurricanes and forest fires, which, of course, cause devastation and can claim many lives. Climate change can also impact the food we eat. Global warming impacts the ability for crops to survive and grow in the areas they were typically produced due to rising temperatures and changes in precipitation. Issues in soil salinity and moisture resulting from land degradation also decrease crop output.

Further, contamination of surface and groundwater impacts the water municipalities use for drinking and recreation. Water pollution through toxic waste, microplastics, and infectious agents can hurt the wildlife in the area and cause illness, sometimes severe, in citizens.

Environmental degradation may impact some communities more than others. Environmental racism is the concept that minorities and citizens of developing countries are disproportionately impacted by environmental issues due to the deliberate actions of white individuals. There have been many cited examples of toxic waste being disposed of near historically black communities in the united states, leading to poorer air quality, exposure to harmful chemicals, and polluted resources. Global examples include the mass export of electronic waste to china for cheaper dismantling under lax standards, releasing toxic pollutants to underpaid workers and endangering their health.

Despite the overall unenthused response by many world leaders to the urgency of global warming, our destruction of the biosphere is not just creating problems for another generation or killing species that the public does not even know about; as we speak, our own actions are harming and killing our species, too.

Which of the following statements would the author agree with?

Environmental Degradation and Human Health

Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, concern for the environment has risen to international prevalence. Although some experts focus on the loss of biodiversity, the mass extinction of many species, and the impacts of global warming in decades to come, perhaps the world would be more concerned about the severity of environmental degradation if they knew it was impacting everyone’s health today.

According to research by the world health organization, 13.7 million deaths per year are linked to the environment. Cancer, stroke, and infection and disease (many impacting the respiratory system) have all been connected to the destruction of the biosphere. Air pollution is the clearest example about how the environment impacts our health. People in New York City have a 25% increased risk of dying from lung disease, while those living in Los Angeles have a staggering 43% increase as compared to the rest of the country. Allergens are also shown to increase from global warming alongside air pollution, snowballing cases of asthma, allergies, chronic bronchitis, and other ailments.

Climate change is a source of a lot of concern. Increasing global temperatures has been connected to more frequent and more intense natural disasters such as hurricanes and forest fires, which, of course, cause devastation and can claim many lives. Climate change can also impact the food we eat. Global warming impacts the ability for crops to survive and grow in the areas they were typically produced due to rising temperatures and changes in precipitation. Issues in soil salinity and moisture resulting from land degradation also decrease crop output.

Further, contamination of surface and groundwater impacts the water municipalities use for drinking and recreation. Water pollution through toxic waste, microplastics, and infectious agents can hurt the wildlife in the area and cause illness, sometimes severe, in citizens.

Environmental degradation may impact some communities more than others. Environmental racism is the concept that minorities and citizens of developing countries are disproportionately impacted by environmental issues due to the deliberate actions of white individuals. There have been many cited examples of toxic waste being disposed of near historically black communities in the united states, leading to poorer air quality, exposure to harmful chemicals, and polluted resources. Global examples include the mass export of electronic waste to china for cheaper dismantling under lax standards, releasing toxic pollutants to underpaid workers and endangering their health.

Despite the overall unenthused response by many world leaders to the urgency of global warming, our destruction of the biosphere is not just creating problems for another generation or killing species that the public does not even know about; as we speak, our own actions are harming and killing our species, too.

Illegal dumping of waste by the U.S. on Native American lands is an example of ____.